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Polypharmacy is increasingly common in the prevention and treatment of diseases in animals. Drug-drug interactions represent one common event associated with multidrug therapy that may interfere with optimal clinical outcome.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) refers to specific attempts to revive patients who have suffered a cardiac or respiratory arrest, or who otherwise have experienced a severe drop in perfusion pressure (e.g. due to pulseless ventricular tachycardia).

Central venous catheters are catheters that are inserted so that the tip of the catheter rests within a central vein, usually the cranial or caudal vena cava. These catheters are usually longer catheters, with a larger gauge, and may be inserted either peripherally or centrally.

Shock defines a state of inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues of the body. This can result from decreased tissue perfusion, or from inadequate blood oxygen content.

The purpose of close physiologic monitoring of critically ill patients is to alert clinicians and nurses to acute changes in patient status. In addition, the monitoring of various parameters can provide a means to assess patient responses to specific therapeutic interventions.

The use of intravenous fluids in the emergency room is essential to the proper resuscitation and support of the critically ill patient. Knowledge of the different types and qualities of the available intravenous fluids will allow clinicians to tailor choices to individual patients.

Triage refers to a systematic evaluation of body systems, and is designed to facilitate identification of the most life-threatening problems first. In the emergency room, or even in the waiting room, patients with life-threatening abnormalities require timely intervention, and may trump other less critical patients for veterinary attention.

Fluids are divided into two main groups: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids contain solutes (variable amounts of electrolytes), water and may contain dextrose.

Decontamination involves emptying the GI tract to reduce toxin exposure or increase elimination. This is the most important way to treat a potential toxicity.

Hemostasis is the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted. The primary functions of the hemostatic system are to: 1) maintain blood in fluid state while in the vessels; 2) arrest bleeding at the site of injury and 3) remove the clot once healing is complete.

Unfortunately, transfusion medicine tends to be a right now type of problem the patient is unable to wait while blood or blood products are ordered and shipped to the practice

At birth, the autonomic nervous system and the baroreceptor reflexes are immature, with the ANS maturing by day 10 and the baroreceptor system maturing by 4 weeks.

The principles surrounding the initial approach to the patient with abdominal trauma are similar to those in a patient that has sustained any form of trauma. Rapid assessment of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems should be performed, and the presence of shock should be identified.

Feline hepatic lipidosis (HL, fatty liver disease) is the most commonly encountered liver disease in cats, and results from accumulation of fat (triglyceride) within the majority of hepatocytes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of chronic gastrointestinal signs in cats. The exact pathogenesis is thought to be multifactorial.

The goal of this seminar is to highlight common and uncommon causes of feline facial disorders via clinical presentation or client complaint. Two diseases, idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persians and pemphigus, will be discussed in more detail.

Cats have compound hair follicles. In general, there is a cluster of two to five primary hairs surrounded by groups of smaller secondary hairs. One primary hair is the largest (central) surrounded by groups of small primary hairs (lateral primary hairs).

Analysis of urolith composition in cats at veterinary urolith centers in North America has demonstrated a progressive decline in the percentage of struvite uroliths since 1970, while at the same time recording a progressive increase in percentage of calcium oxalate uroliths recovered from the urinary tract of cats.

Acute onset of sneezing and nasal discharge are common with upper respiratory infections (particularly in young cats or those in multi-cat environments), nasal foreign bodies, nasal trauma, and rarely coagulopathies. Nasal foreign body is discussed later in the article.

The importance of a thorough history is common knowledge. It is difficult to argue the usefulness of pre-printed history questionnaires when the diagnosis is obvious (e.g. fleas in your face) at the time of first presentation.

The veterinary clinic and exposure to fungal spores

As cats age, they are predisposed to skin diseases and changes in the hair coat as a result of age and development of other medical problems. This seminar will discuss the most common and noteworthy skin diseases of older cats.

A recent multi-center study investigating the causes of hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD) in cats has revealed some interesting findings that are clinically useful.

Most chronic vomiting and chronic diarrhea in cats originate in the small bowel.

Look for an underlying disease before diagnosing primary hypertension.

The diabetic cat usually has other needs that must be addressed before diabetic regulation can be achieved.

The Urgency Principle is the basis for our ability to do a one month drug trial with hypoglycemic agents and the basis for my approach to gradual regulation.

Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in the cat. Since being first recognized in 1977, the incidence has increased steadily.