Behavioral clues to metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

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Behavior changes often manifest as metabolic diseases in dogs and cats, complicating diagnoses and treatment. Intrinsic factors, hormones and neurochemicals, and extrinsic factors such as environment and interactions with people or other animals, can reinforce or discourage behavioral changes due to metabolic diseases. For example, a dog with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) may start urinating indoors due to increased thirst and frequent urination. The dog reinforces this behavior by feeling relief from bladder pressure. Even after treating the underlying condition, the learned behavior may persist, necessitating further behavioral modification. Similarly, a cat with undiagnosed hyperthyroidism might vocalize at night due to hunger, ask to be fed by its caregivers. This behavior reinforces itself, and even after treatment, the cat may continue this pattern, having learned that vocalizing brings food.

Thyroid disorders predominantly show how metabolic diseases can affect behavior. Although rare, hypothyroidism in dogs can cause aggression, disorientation, and mental dullness. Hyperthyroidism, more common in cats, often results in anxiety, restlessness, increased appetite, and changes in litter box habits. Additionally, cognitive dysfunction in older pets can further complicate these behavioral changes.

Sometimes, behavioral changes in pets with metabolic diseases are the only noticeable sign, highlighting the importance of thorough diagnostic workups. These workups include physical exams, blood tests, thyroid analyses, and other relevant diagnostics.

Traditionally, veterinarians ruled out physical problems before addressing behavioral issues. However, recent research shows that behavioral and physical health are interconnected. Physical diseases can cause behavioral changes, and vice versa. Therefore, veterinarians must address both aspects simultaneously. Recognizing and treating behavioral signs immediately, along with educating caregivers, can prevent the progression of negative behavior patterns.

For effective treatment, clinicians should simultaneously address both physical and behavioral symptoms. Early intervention alleviates stress and prevents the establishment of long-term behavior problems. For instance, if a dog shows aggression when handled, caregivers should use positive reinforcement, such as treats or toys, to guide the dog rather than using physical force. Similarly, for a cat that vocalizes at night, caregivers can use an automatic feeder to anticipate and meet the cat's needs without reinforcing disruptive behavior.

With this, veterinarians improve the overall well-being of pets by recognizing and addressing both physical and behavioral symptoms early, ensuring they lead healthier, happier lives.

Landry is a 2026 PharmD candidate at the University of Connecticut

References

1. Radosta L. Behavior Changes Associated with Metabolic Disease of Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2024;54(1):17-28. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.08.004