Theriogenology

These findings display the effects of bovine sperm sex-sorting, plus how farmers can achieve optimal reproductive success.

The timing of spay/neuter surgery—the first major milestone veterinarians must guide a puppy or kitten through—is a big decision for most pet owners. But there is no one-size-fits-all schedule for this procedure. When to sterilize depends on species, gender, and breed, and vets should customize their recommendations to accommodate individual pet needs.