Diabetes mellitus can be a very frustrating disease to deal with. The typical diabetic animal referred to a specialist in internal medicine is invariably difficult to control, insulin resistant, prone to ketoacidosis and/or hypoglycemia, and usually has concurrent diseases that complicate therapy.
The four parathyroid glands, through secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulate serum calcium concentrations and bone metabolism. The concentration of serum ionized calcium is normally maintained within narrow limits by action of the PTH on bone resorption, renal calcium excretion and metabolism of Vitamin D.
Feline hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of older cats. Thyroid hormone excess effects multiple organ systems and the associated clinical signs range in severity from mild to severe and are quite variable from cat to cat. As a result of the increased incidence of the disease, the increased index of suspicion among practicing veterinarians and the increased screening of geriatric cats for hyperthyroidism, the average hyperthyroid cat is now evaluated earlier in the course of disease than when the disorder was first recognized.
The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions, the outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex consists of three distinct layers that produce mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids and androgens.
Inflammatory liver disease is second only to hepatic lipidosis as a cause of hepatobiliary disease in cats in the United States. Inflammatory liver diseases have been traditionally classified by their cellular infiltrate and pattern of distribution.
Insulin has become increasingly important in the treatment of dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Almost all dogs are classified with insulin-dependent or type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The normal liver receives arterial blood from the hepatic artery and venous blood from the portal vein. Regarding arterial blood flow, the celiac artery branches off of the aorta and the hepatic artery branches off of the celiac artery.
The liver plays an important role in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism as well as vitamin and mineral storage. The liver is also vital in detoxification of metabolic products (ammonia, uric acid), hormones and drugs.
The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone in response to nervous stimuli. The TRH then stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropin-secreting hormone (TSH).
Naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is an endocrine disorder resulting from the excess production of cortisol or other adrenal hormones by the adrenal cortex. The clinical syndrome was first documented in people by Dr. Harvey Cushing in 1932 and is also known as Cushing's syndrome.
A panel of veterinary specialists and general practitioners discuss their real-world experiences in providing successful care to diabetic cats.
This study establishes that there is a high prevalence of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs with gallbladder mucoceles and suggests that a similar association may be present between hypothyroidism and mucocele development.
Learn the latest on managing canine hyperadrenocorticism from Drs. Audrey K. Cook and David S. Bruyette (2 CE credits).
We asked you if you had questions for Dr. Audrey Cook about diabetes. Here are her responses.
A Q&A with veterinary endocrinologist Edward C. Feldman
There are 3 important fractions of calcium. This includes ionized calcium (45-50% of total calcium), which is the physiologically active fraction and is maintained within a fairly narrow range; protein-bound calcium (50-55% of total calcium) which is typically bound to albumin and is an inactive form of calcium; and complexed calcium, which in the normal patient accounts for less than 1-2% of total calcium, but can elevate the total calcium without affecting ionized calcium in chronic renal failure due to retention of substances such as citrate and oxalate that form calcium complexes.
Unfortunately, the cost of cosyntropin, the most reliable agent with which to perform an ACTH stimulation test, is expensive.
Acute thyrotoxicosis
Ask Dr. Audrey Cook your questions about canine diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in canine practice, but successful patient management sometimes can be a challenge.
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas
Feline Hyperthyroidism
Feline hyperthyroidism was first described in 1979 by Peterson and 1980 by Holzworth. It is now estimated that the incidence is as high as 2% of the feline population seen in tertiary veterinary care facilities.
Although only recently discovered, feline adrenal disorders are becoming increasingly more recognized. Feline adrenal disorders include diseases such as hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's syndrome) and hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome).
Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome are opposite sides of the same coin. Both are manifestations of dysfunction of the adrenal glands.
