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Hematopoiesis is the production of new blood cells such as white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets. Although in utero a number of organs are hematopoietically active, including the liver and the spleen, from birth onwards hematopoiesis is centered almost exclusively in the bone marrow.

Normal body temperature in the dog and cat ranges from approximately 100 F to 103 F. Not all animals that have a temperature above this range, however, necessarily have a fever.

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) is a relatively common cause of bleeding in small animals, particularly the dog. Many differing disease processes may initiate IMT.

Albumin is the major determinant of oncotic or colloidal osmotic pressure, the force that holds fluids within the vascular compartment. Most of the important osmotically-active particles in the bloodstream (such as sodium, urea and glucose) are relatively small, and pass freely between the vascular and interstitial compartments, the bodys two major extracellular fluid compartments.

The most common immune-mediated blood disorders in small animal patients are immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).

By providing a standardized scheme for terminology, diagnosis, and staging of canine and feline liver disorders, WSAVA is contributing to the improvement in the quality of care provided by veterinarians for dogs and cats with hepatobiliary disease.

There is little evidence based medicine concerning the best dietary or nutritional management of alimentary disease in dogs and cats.

In ideal cases, treatment of hepatobiliary cases is based on biopsy, when indicated. Although not all clients will be willing to follow this diagnostic test, I think it is important to make this recommendation.

The vomiting patient is a diagnostic challenge because of the wide variety of gastric, intestinal, and non-GI disorders (metabolic, neurologic, paraneoplastic) that cause this clinical sign.

he simplest, least invasive, most economical diagnostic tool for determining the stage of the estrous cycle in a bitch, and surely the most widely utilized, is the examination of the bitchs vaginal cytology.

While vaginal cytology is an inexpensive, accurate way to diagnose the stage of the estrous cycle of a bitch, use of cytology alone will not allow the clinician to determine the truly important events in the cycle: the LH surge, ovulation, and the fertile period.

Canine pyometra is considered an emergency in veterinary practice due to the life-threatening nature of the condition.

Ringworm is rarely life threatening in household pets, but in the shelter, it can lead to almost unmanageable outbreaks, excessive costs, and euthanasia due to its zoonotic potential.

In shelters, there are many causes of diarrhea in felines.

A range of behaviors harmful to animals may be defined as abuse. This includes both intentional and unintentional harm or neglect.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) poses a serious threat in animal shelters, as a double stranded DNA virus that has rapid spread and the ability to persist in the environment for months to years.

So you have the standards, but now how do you implement them?

It is always important to document and handle all materials related to a case as evidence.

Retrievers and gun dogs often work in conditions of uneven terrain, with poor visibility and extreme ambient temperatures.

One of the most common injuries in sporting dogs involves the shoulder.

When we think of sports for dogs we usually think of racing and coursing or luring as with greyhounds; or of field trial dogs for hunting, or even sled dogs in the Iditarod.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects diarthrodial joints of small animals including the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, tarsus, and spinal articulations.

The term laser stands for light amplification stimulated by emission of radiation.

Aging is not a disease. However, in the canine athlete, it may seem that they get older faster.

Important considerations when treating cases include concurrent conditions such as those that occur following trauma, prevention of further injury, and repeat examination to identify problems that were not previously diagnosed.

Tendon and ligament injuries can be serious enough to not only affect performance but to end a dogs career.

The U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines a pesticide as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or lessening the damage of any pest".

The veterinarians role in the health care of dogs is changing.